DOI: https://doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-4-622-636
Development of the ecosystem of social entrepreneurship in the Northwestern region of Russia*
Maria M. Ivanova
Ph.D. Student of the Faculty of Sociology
Saint Petersburg State University,
7–9, Universitetskaya emb., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia;
e-mail: ivanova.mar-9308@yandex.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4419-3188
Olga I. Borodkina
Doctor of Sociology, Docent,
Professor of the Department of Theory and Practice of Social Work
Saint Petersburg State University,
7–9, Universitetskaya emb., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia;
e-mail: oiborodkina@gmail.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0936-5757
The article deals with the concept of the social entrepreneurship ecosystem and analyzes existing practices of social entrepreneurship in the northwestern region of Russia. Social entrepreneurship is designed to solve social problems through the use of sustainable economic instruments; social business results in social transformations associated with improving the quality of life of individual social groups and citizens. The state, the social capital, the market for social services and the infrastructure support were identified as the main elements and subjects of the ecosystem. The research is based on federal and regional statistics on the development of the non-governmental sector and social entrepreneurship, data from registers of social service providers, as well as regulatory legal acts on social entrepreneurship. Data analysis was carried out for all the main subjects of the northwestern region (St. Petersburg, Leningrad region, Kaliningrad region, etc.). The study results show that the legal foundations for the development of social entrepreneurship have been developed. There are various measures of state support, including state subsidies, loans, with a fairly wide regional diversity observed. At the same time, at present the non-governmental sector of social services does not fully meet the existing needs. This is reflected in the insufficient number of socially oriented nonprofit organizations and social entrepreneurs, and in the relatively small proportion of the population involved in the non-governmental sector of social services. However, we should note the active development of the infrastructure for training social entrepreneurs, which includes accelerators, a business incubator, information and consulting support for social entrepreneurs.
Keywords: ecosystem, social entrepreneurship, non-governmental organizations, social services, northwestern region.
References
Akseleratsionnaya programma [Acceleration program.]. Social Initiatives Support Fund. The foundation «Nashe budushcheye». Available at: https://www.fundsp.ru/predakselerator.html (accessed 20.09.2020).
Austin, J., Stevenson, H. and Wei-Skillern, J. (2006). Social or commercial entrepreneurship: Same, different, or both? Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice. Vol. 30, iss. 1, pp. 1–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2006.00107.x
Cornwall, J. (1998). The entrepreneur as building block for community. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship. Vol. 3(2), pp. 141–148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023294626341
Edinyy reyestr sub’yektov srednego i malogo predprinimatel'stva [Unified register of small and medium-sized businesses]. Federal Tax Service. Available at: https://ofd.nalog.ru/search.html?mode=extended (accessed 27.07.2020).
Federal’nyy zakon ot 05.04.2013 N 44-FZ «O kontraktnoy sisteme v sfere zakupok tovarov, rabot, uslug dlya obespecheniya gosudarstvennykh i munitsipal’nykh nuzhd» [Federal Law N 44-FZ of April 5, 2013 «On the contractual system in the area of procurement of goods, works and services for meeting state and municipal needs (with amendments and additions)»]. Available at: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_144624/ (accessed 25.09.2020).
Federal’nyy zakon ot 26.07.2019 N 245-FZ «O vnesenii izmeneniy v Federalnyy zakon “O razvitii malogo i srednego predprinimatel’stva v Rossiyskoy Federatsii” v chasti zakrepleniya ponyatiy “sotsial’noe predprinimatel’stvo”, “sotsial’noe predpriyatie”» [Federal Law N 245-FZ of July 26, 2019 «On amending the Federal Law “On development of small and medium entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation” as related to setting forth of the terms “social entrepreneurship” and “social enterprise”»]. Available at: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_329995/ (accessed 20.09.2020).
Giudici, G., Guerini, M. and Rossi-Lamastra, C. (2018). Reward-based crowdfunding of entrepreneurial projects: the effect of local altruism and localized social capital on proponents’ success. Small Business Economics. Vol. 50, iss. 2, pp. 307–324. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-016-9830-x
Hasenfeld, Y. and Gidron, B. (2005). Understanding multi-purpose hybrid voluntary organizations: the contributions of theories on civil society, social movements and nonprofit organizations. Journal of Civil Society. Vol. 1, iss. 2, pp. 97–112. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17448680500337350
Informal innovation: networks that power start-up cities (2016).The Economist. May 17. Available at: https://eiuperspectives.economist.com/strategy-leadership/informal-innovation-networks-power-start-cities (accessed: 20.09.2020).
Isenberg, D. (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution. Harvard Business Review. Vol. 88(6), pp. 40–51.
Khan, M.R. (2013). Mapping entrepreneurship ecosystem of Saudi Arabia. World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development. Vol. 9, iss. 1, pp. 28–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/20425961311315700
Levander, U. (2010). Social enterprise: implications of emerging institutionalized constructions. Journal of Social Entrepreneurship. Vol. 1, iss. 2, pp. 213–230. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19420676.2010.511815
Martin, R.L. and Osberg, S. (2007). Social entrepreneurship: the case for definition. Stanford Social Innovation Review. Spring, pp. 29–39.
Mason, C. and Brown, R. (2014). Entrepreneurial ecosystems and growth-oriented enterprises. Background paper prepared for the workshop organised by the OECD LEED programme and the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs. Discussion Paper. OECD.
Moore, J. (1993). Predators and prey: a new ecology of competition. Harvard Business Review. Vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 75–83. Available at: www.hbr.org/1993/05/predators-and-prey-a-new-ecology-of-competition/ar/1 (accessed 20.09.2020).
Oblastnoy zakon Leningradskoy oblasti ot 12 oktyabrya 2009 g. N 78-oz «Ob ustanovlenii stavki naloga, vzimaemogo v svyazi s primeneniem uproschennoy sistemy nalogooblozheniya, na territorii Leningradskoy oblasti» (s izmeneniyami na 23 oktyabrya 2020 goda) [Regional Law of the Leningrad Region of October 12, 2009 N 78-OZ «On establishing the tax rate levied in connection with the application of the simplified tax system in the Territory of the Leningrad Region» (as amended on October 23, 2020)]. Available at: https://lenoblpravo.ru/zakon/2009-10-12-n-78-oz/ (accessed 25.09.2020).
Oblastnoy zakon Leningradskoy oblasti ot 20 noyabrya 2000 g. N 35-oz «O l’gotnom nalogooblozhenii obschestvennykh organizatsiy invalidov, a takzhe organizatsiy, nakhodyaschikhsya v sobstvennosti obschestvennykh organizatsiy invalidov» [Regional law of the Leningrad Region of Novemder, 2000 N 35-OZ «On state taxation of public organizations of disabled people, as well as organizations owned by public organizations of disabled people»]. Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/3622741 (accessed 25.09.2020).
Peredoa, A. and McLeanb, M. (2006). Social entrepreneurship: A critical review of the concept. Journal of World Business. Vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 56–65. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-92522-6_13
Postanovlenie merii goroda Cherepovtsa ot 26 aprelya 2017 g. N 1926 «Ob utverzhdenii poryadkov predostavleniya subsidii na vozmeschenie chasti zatrat sub’ektam malogo i srednego predprinimatel’stva» [Resolution of the Municipality of Cherepovets of April 26, 2017 N 1926 On approval of the procedure for granting subsidies for reimbursement of part of costs to small and medium-sized businesses]. Available at: https://mayor.cherinfo.ru/decree/87469-postanovlenie-merii-goroda-cerepovca-ot-26042017-no-1926-ob-utverzdenii-poradkov-predostavlenia-subsidii-na-vozmesenie-casti-zat (accessed 25.09.2020).
Postanovlenie Pravitel’stva Kaliningradskoy oblasti ot 22 sentyabrya 2017 g. N 514 «O merakh po realizatsii abzatsev pyatogo i shestogo punkta 2 stat’i 1 Zakona Kaliningradskoy oblasti ot 20 oktyabrya 2008 g. N 278 “O gosudarstvennoy podderzhke malogo i srednego predprinimatel’stva v Kaliningradskoy oblasti”» (s izmeneniyami na 29 noyabrya 2019 goda) [Resolution of the Government of the Kaliningrad Region of September 22, 2017 N 514 «On measures to implement paragraphs of the fifth and sixth paragraph 2 of Article 1 of the Law of the Kaliningrad region of October 20, 2008 N 278 “On state support for small and medium-sized businesses in the Kaliningrad region”»]. Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/436770551 (accessed 25.09.2020).
Postanovleniye pravitel'stva Leningradskoy oblasti ot 25 noyabrya 2013 g. N 420 «Ob utverzhdenii stoimosti sotsial'nogo obsluzhivaniya i tarifov na garantirovannyye sotsial'nyye uslugi, predostavlyayemyye gosudarstvennoy sistemoy sotsial'nykh sluzhb Leningradskoy oblasti grazhdanam pozhilogo vozrasta, invalidam i grazhdanam, nakhodyashchimsya v trudnoy zhiznennoy situatsii, detyam-invalidam, detyam s ogranichennymi vozmozhnostyami, nesovershennoletnim detyam i sem'yam s det'mi, nakhodyashchimsya v trudnoy zhiznennoy situatsii» (s izmeneniyami na 16 oktyabrya 2014 g.). [Resolution of the Government of the Leningrad Region on November 25, 2013 N 420 «On Approval of the Cost of Social Services and Tariffs for Guaranteed Social Services Provided by the State System of Social Services of the Leningrad Region to Elderly Citizens, People with Disabilities and Citizens in Difficult Life Situations, Children with Disabilities, children with disabilities, minors and families with children in difficult life situations» (as amended on October 16, 2014)].
Postanovlenie Pravitel’stva Novgorodskoy oblasti ot 05.12.2014 N 596 «Ob utverzhdenii Poryadka predostavleniya sotsial’nykh uslug postavschikami sotsial’nykh uslug na territorii Novgorodskoy oblasti» [Resolution of the Government of the Novgorod Region of December 5, 2014 N 596 «On approval of the procedure for providing social services by social service providers of the Novgorod Region»]. Available at: http://social.novreg.ru/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Postanovlenie-Pravitel`stva-Novgorodskoj-oblasti-ot-05.12.2014-№-596.pdf (accessed 25.09.2020).
Prahalad, C.K. (2005). The fortune at the bottom of the pyramid: eradicating Poverty through profits. NJ: Wharton School Publishing Upper Saddle River, 273 p.
Rasporyazheniye Pravitel'stva Rossiyskoy Federatsii ot 19 iyunya 2017 g. N 1284-r «O reytinge sub’yektov Rossiyskoy Federatsii» [Order of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 19, 2017 N 1284-r «On the rating of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation»]. Available at: https://www.economy.gov.ru/material/file/6bd6ea6dfed00d673dfe8e6f9911504d/rezultaty_reytinga_za_2018.pdf (accessed 20.09.2020).
Rasporyazhenie Pravitel’stva Sankt-Peterburga ot 15 maya 2015 g. N 1711-r (red. ot 24.08.2020) «Ob utverzhdenii spetsial’noy programmy “Podderzhka sotsial’nogo predprinimatel’stva”» [Order of the Government of St. Petersburg of May 15, 2015 N 1711-R (ed. of 24.08.2020) «On approval of the special program “Support for Social Entrepreneurship”»]. Available at: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/537974259 (accessed 28.07.2020).
Romano, M., Nicotra, M., and Schillaci, C. (2017). Nascent entrepreneurship and territorial social capital: empirical evidences from Italy. Technology-based nascent entrepreneurship. New York: Palgrave Macmillan Publ., pp. 71–93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59594-2_4
Saxenian, A. (2006). The new argonauts: Regional advantage in a global economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press., 424 p.
Spigel, B. (2017). The relational organization of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Vol. 41, iss. 1, pp. 49–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12167
Tansley, A.G. (1935). The use and abuse of vegetational concepts and terms. Ecology. Vol. 16, pp. 284–307.
Thai, M. and Turkina, E. (2014). Macro-level determinants of formal entrepreneurship versus informal entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Venturing. Vol. 29, iss. 4, pp. 490–510. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2013.07.005
Van Stel, A., and Suddle, K. (2018). The impact of new firm formation on regional development in the Netherlands. Small Business Economics. Vol. 30, iss. 1, pp. 31–47. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-007-9054-1
Vedula, S. and Kim, P.H. (2019). Gimme shelter or fade away: the impact of regional entrepreneurial ecosystem quality on venture survival. Industrial and Corporate Change. Vol. 28, iss. 4, pp. 827–854. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtz032
Venkataraman, S. (1997). The distinctive domain of entrepreneurship research: an editor’s perspective. Advances in entrepreneurship, firm emergence, and growth, ed. by J. Katz, R. Brockhaus. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Vol. 3, pp. 119–138.
Received 01.11.2020
For citation:
Ivanova M.M., Borodkina O.I. [Development of the ecosystem of social entrepreneurship in the Northwestern region of Russia]. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Filosofia. Psihologia. Sociologia [Perm University Herald. Philosophy. Psychology. Sociology], 2020, issue 4, pp. 622–636 (in Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-4-622-636
* Работа выполнена в СПбГУ при поддержке РНФ, проект «Вызовы трансформации социального государства в России: институциональные изменения, социальное инвестирование, цифровизация социальных услуг» (№ 19-18-00246).