DOI: https://doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-2-223-237

Styles of business communication as a model: the phenomenon of style, approaches, research, open questions. Part 2

Vladimir A. Tolochek
Doctor of Psychology, Professor, Leading Researcher

Institute of Psychology of Russian Academy of Sciences,
13, Yaroslavskaya str., Moscow, 129366, Russia;
e-mail: tolochekva@mail.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1378-4425

Research into styles in psychology (from the 1950s to the 2000s) has undergone a kind of life cycle − from styles being widely studied to those falling into oblivion. Further constructive study of this problem requires creation of new R&D (research and development) programs, generalization of the experience gained in various schools of thought. The statement of the problem of business communication styles (LMS) as a model for studying styles (in general) can contribute to the further study of the phenomenon of «style» and the disclosure of a number of aspects of communication that slip away in the case of «rigid» identification of its types. The paper aims to provide a historical and theoretical analysis of the results of studies of the evolution and functioning of styles (on the model of business communication styles). Method: analysis of literary sources. Based on a critical analysis of the experience of studying the problem of communication styles and business communication styles, the following hypotheses are put forward: 1. In the general social space (activity space) there are several autonomous business communication styles (LMS). 2. The styles identified and described by the researchers (their number, composition of components, structures) are derivatives of basic scientific concepts. 3. The study of the phenomenon of «style» based on the model of business communication styles allows us to emphasize several aspects in the evolution and functioning of style that were not distinguished when studying styles on other models. The conditions for further constructive studies of the phenomenon of «styles» are discussed. Use of the model of business communication styles is believed will contribute to the disclosure of new properties of styles, further understanding of their system properties as large, open, dynamic psychological systems

Keywords: business communication styles, integral individuality, model, phenomenon, problem, methodology, approaches, system, paradigms.

References

Alfredson, T. and Cungu, A. (2008). Negotiation theory and practice: A review of the literature. EASYPol Module 179. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docs/up/easypol/550/4-5_negotiation_background_paper_179en.pdf (accessed 01.10.2018).

Argentova, T.E. (1984). Stil’ obscheniya kak faktor effektivnosti sovmestnoy deyatel’nosti [Communication style as a factor in the effectiveness of joint activities]. Psikhologiheskiy zhurnal [Psychological Journal]. Vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 130–133.

Baguli, F. (2005). Peregovory: master-klass [Negotiations: a master class]. Mosow: Fair-Press Publ., 224 p.

Bazerman, M.H. (1983). Negotiator judgment: A critical look at the rationality assumption. American Behavioral Scientist. Vol. 27, iss. 2. P. 211–228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/000276483027002007

Dorfman, L.Ya. (1989). Individual’nyy emotsional’nyy stil’ [Individual emotional style]. Voprosy psikhologii. No. 5, pp. 88–95.

Eagly, A.H., Karau, S.J. and Makhyani, M.G. (1995). Gender and effectiveness of leaders: A meta-analytic. Psychological Bulletin. Vol. 117, iss. 1, pp. 125–145. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.1.125

Eagly, A.H. and Steffen, V.J. (1986). Gender and aggressive behavior: A meta-analytic review of the social psychological literature. Psychological Bulletin. Vol.100, iss. 3, pp. 309–330. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.309

Feingold, A. (1994). Gender and differences in personality: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin. Vol. 116, iss. 3, pp. 429–456. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.429

Graham, J., Mintu, A.T. and Rodgers, W. (1994). Exploration of negotiation behaviors in ten foreign cultures using a model developed in the United States. Management Science. Vol. 40, iss. 1, pp. 72–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.40.1.72

Grishina, N.V. (2007). Psikhologiya konflikta [Psychology of conflict]. Saint Petersburg: Piter Publ., 2007, 544 p.

Il’in, E.P. (2017). Psikhologiya delovogo obscheniya [The psychology of business communication]. Saint Petersburg: Piter Publ., 240 p.

Ismagilova, A.G. (2002). Stil’ pedagogicheskogo obscheniya v issledovanii individual’nosti: polisistemnyy podkhod: avtoref. dis. … d-ra psikhol. nauk [The style of pedagogical communication in the study of personality: a polysystemic approach: Abstract of D.Sc. dissertation]. Perm, 44 p.

Jonson, B. and Eagly, A.H. (1990). Infolvement and Persuasion: types, traditions and evidence. Psychological Bulletin. Vol. 107, iss. 3. P. 375–384. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.3.375

Kalugin, A.Yu. (2018). Istoriya i perspektivy issledovaniya integral’noy individual’nosti v ramkakh sistemnogo podkhoda [History and prospects of studying integral individuality within the system approach]. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Filosofiya. Psikhologiya. Sotsiologiya [Perm University Herald. Philosophy. Psychology. Sociology]. Iss. 2, pp. 252–263. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2018-2-252-263

Kalugin, A.Yu. (2018). Vklad raznourovnevykh svoystv individual’nosti v napravlennost’ lichnosti na sfery zhiznedeyatel’nosti cheloveka [The contribution of multi-level properties of individuality in the orientation of personality on the spheres of human activity]. Vestnik Kostromskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Pedagogika. Psikhologiya. Sotsiokinetika [Vestnik of Kostroma State University. Series: Pedagogy. Psychology. Sociokinetics]. No. 4, pp. 49–55.

Kaptsov, A.V. (2017). Psikhologo-pedagogicheskaya kontseptsiya lichnostnogo razvitiya studentov u usloviyakh uchebnoy gruppy: avtoref. dis. … d-ra psikhol. nauk [The psychological and pedagogical concept of students’ personal development under the conditions of the study group: Abstract of D.Sc. dissertation]. Samara, 59 p.

Karmin, A.S. (1999). Konfliktologiya [Conflictology]. Saint Petersburg: Lan’ Publ., 448 p.

Karpov, A.V. (2012). Refleksivnaya determinatsiya deyatel’nosti i lichnosti [Reflexive determination of activity and personality]. Moscow: RAO Publ., 476 p.

Kazarinova, N.V. (2006). Mezhlichnostnaya kommunikatsiya: sotsial’no-konstruktsionistkiy analiz [Interpersonal communication: a socio-constructionist analysis]. Saint Petersburg: Piter Publ., 146 p.

Keltner, J.W. (1994). The management of struggle: Elements of dispute resolution through negotiation, mediation and arbitration. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 272 p.

Kolesnikova, E.I. (2016). Obraz sub’ektivno udobnogo prepodavatelya vuza v predstavlenii studentov s razlichnymi obrazovatel’nymi rezul’tatami [The image of a subjectively convenient university teacher in the view of students with various educational results]. Vestnik Samarskoy gumanitarnoy akademii. Seriya: Psikhologiya [Bulletin of Samara Academy for the Humanities. A series of Psychology]. No. 1(19), pp. 3–17.

Kunitsyna, V.N., Kazarinova, N.V. and Pogol’sha, V.M. (2001). Mezhlichnostnoe obshchenie [Interpersonal communication]. Saint Petersburg: Piter Publ., 544 p.

Kurbatov, V.I. (1995). Strategiya delovogo uspekha [Strategy for business success]. Rostov-on-Don: Feniks Publ., 416 p.

Labunskaya, V.A. Menzheritskaya, Yu.A. and Breus, E.V. (2001). Psikhologiya zatrudnennogo obscheniya [Psychology of difficulty communicating]. Moscow, 288 p.

Lebedeva, M.M. (1999). Politicheskoye uregulirovaniye konfliktov [Political conflict resolution]. Moscow: Aspekt-Press Publ., 271 p.

Lewicki, R.J., Barry, B., Saunders, D.M. and John, M.W. (2003). Negotiation, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education Publ., 704 p.

Lomov, B.F. (1984). Metodologicheskie i teoreticheskie problemy psikhologii [Methodological and theoretical problems of psychology]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 226 p.

Lyukin, V.V. (1981). Psikhologicheskoe soderzhanie, proiskhozhdenie i effektivnost’ individual’nogo stilya rukovodstva: avtoref. dis. … kand. psikhol. nauk [Psychological content, origin and effectiveness of individual leadership style: Abstract of PhD. dissertation]. Moscow, 16 p.

Markova, E.V. (2001). Individual’no-tipologicheskie zakonomernosti stiley upravlencheskikh resheniy i ikh diagnostika: avtoref. dis. … kand. psikhol. nauk [Individual-typological regularities of styles of managerial decisions and their diagnostics: Abstract of PhD. dissertation]. Yaroslavl, 26 p.

Mastenbrook, V. (1993). Peregovory [Negotiations]. Kaluga: KIS Publ., 175 p.

Merlin, V.S. (1986). Ocherki integral’nogo issledovaniya individual’nosti [Essays on the integral study of personality]. Moscow: Pedagogika Publ., 256 p.

Merlin, V.S. and Klimov, E.A. (1967). Formirovaniye ISD v protsesse obucheniya [The formation of ISD in the learning process]. Sovetskaya pedagogika [Soviet Pedagogy]. No. 4, pp. 110–118.

Mitina, L.M. (2004). Psikhologiya truda i professional’nogo razvitiya uchitelya [Psychology of labor and professional development of a teacher]. Moscow: Akademiya Publ., 320 p.

Mudrik, A.V. (1984). Obschenie kak faktor vospitaniya shkol’nikov [Communication as a factor in the education of students]. Moscow: Pedagogika Publ., 112 p.

Panov, V.I. (2004). Ekologicheskaya psikhologiya: Opyt postroeniya metodologii [Environmental psychology: An experience in building a methodology]. Moscow: Nauka Publ., 197 p.

Parygin, B.D. (1971). Osnovy sotsial’no-psikhologicheskoy teorii [Fundamentals of socio-psychological theory]. Moscow: Mysl’ Publ., 352 p.

Podd’yakov, A.N. (2014). Komplitologii: sozdanie razvivayuschikh, diagnostiruyuschikh i destruktivnykh trudnostey [Complitology: the creation of developing, diagnosing, and destructive difficulties]. Moscow: HSE Publ., 280 p.

Reason, J. (1990). Human error. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 302 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139062367

Regins, B. and Sundstrom, E. (1989). Gender and power in organizations: A longitudinal perspective. Psychological Bulletin. Vol. 105, iss. 1, pp. 51–88. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.1.51

Roberts, T. (1991). Gender and influence of evalutions on self-assessments in achievement setting. Psychological Bulletin. Vol. 109, iss. 2, pp. 297–308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.297

Schein, E. (1999). Process Consultation Revisited: Building the Helping Relationship. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publ., 256 p.

Schukin, M.R. (1994). Struktura individual’nogo stilya deyatel’nosti i usloviya formirovaniya: avtoref. dis. … d-ra psikhol. nauk [The structure of the individual style of activity and formation conditions: Abstract of D.Sc. dissertation]. Novosibirsk, 44 p.

Smith, H. and Bobd, M.H. (1998). The structure of upward and downward tactics of influence in Chinese organizations. Latest contributions to cross-cultural psychology, ed. by J.C. Lasry, J.G. Adair, K.L. Dion. Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets&Zeitlinger Publ., pp. 286–299.

Soldatova, G.U. and Gasimov, A.F. (2019). Razrabotka i aprobatsiya metodiki otsenki peregovornogo stilya (MOPS) [Development and testing of methods for evaluating the negotiation style (MPS)]. Eksperimental’naya psikhologiya [Journal of Experimental Psychology]. Vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 92–104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2019120307

Spengl, M.L. and Eisenhart, M.U. (2009). Peregovory. Reshenie problem v raznom kontekste [Conversation. Problem solving in a different context]. Kharkov: Gumanitarnyy Tsentr Publ., 592 p.

Tolochek, V.A. (2019). «Psikhologicheskie nishi»: topos i khronos v determinatsii professional’noy spetsializatsii sub’ekta [«Psychological niches»: topos and chronos in the determination of the subject’s professional specialization]. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 14. Psikhologiya [Moscow University Psychology Bulletin]. No. 1, pp. 195–213. DOI: https://doi.org/10.11621/vsp.2019.01.195

Tolochek, V.A. (2011). Sopryazhennaya professional’naya kar’era sub’ekta: konteksty i izmereniya [The coupled professional career of the subject: contexts and measurements]. Chelovek. Soobschestvo. Upravlenie [Man. Community. Management]. No. 2, pp. 48–61.

Tolochek, V.A. (2019). Stili delovogo obscheniya kak model’: fenomen stilya, podkhody, issledovaniya, otkrytye voprosy. Chast’ 1 [Styles of business communication as a model: the phenomenon of style, approaches, research, open questions. Part 1]. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Filosofiya. Psikhologiya. Sotsiologiya [Perm University Herald. Philosophy. Psychology. Sociology]. Iss. 2, pp. 219–229. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2019-2-219-229

Tolochek, V.A. (2015). Stili deyatel’nosti: resursnyy podkhod [Styles of activity: resource approach]. Moscow: IP RAS Publ., 366 p.

Tolochek, V.A. (2016). Tipovye stili sportivnoy deyatel’nosti kak psikhologicheskiy fenomen: resursy effektivnosti [Typical styles of sports as a psychological phenomenon: resources of efficiency]. Psikhologicheskiy zhurnal [Psychological Journal]. Vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 70–82.

Tse, D.K., Francis, J. and Walls, J. (1994). Cultural Differences in Conducting Intra- and Inter-Cultural Negotiations: A Sino-Canadian Comparison. Journal of International Business Studies. Vol. 25, pp. 537–555. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490211

Tsukanova, E.V. (2007). Upravlencheskoe vzaimodeystvie v sisteme kadrovoy raboty [Managerial interaction in the system of personnel work]. Akmeolog kadrovoy raboty [Acmeologist of personnel work]. Moscow, 98 p.

Vikhman, A.A. (2016). Metaeffekt stilya pedagogicheskogo obscheniya uchitelya nachal’nykh klassov na polisistemu «uchenik» – «roditel’»: pervyye rezul’taty [Meta-effect of the style of pedagogical communication of a primary school teacher on the «student» – «parent» polysystem: first results]. XXXI Merlinskie chteniya: Teoriya, metodologiya i praktika integral’nogo issledovaniya individula’nosti: mater. Vseros. nauch.-prakt. konf. [31th Merlin Readings: Theory, Methodology and Practice of Integral Research of Individuality: proceedings of All-Russian scientific-practical conference]. Perm: PSPU Publ., pp. 98–103.

Volochkov, A.A., Kopteva, N.V., Popov, A.Yu. et al. (2015). Aktivnost’, tsennostnaya napravlennost’ i psikhologicheskoe zdorov’ye studenchestva [Activity, value orientation and psychological health of students]. Perm: Perm State Humanitarian Pedagogical University Publ., 200 p.

Vyatkin, B.A. (2000). Lektsii po psikhologii integral’noy individual’nosti cheloveka [Lectures on the psychology of the integral individuality of man]. Perm: Perm State University Publ., 179 p.

Vyatkin, B.A. and Volochkov, A.A. (1999). Individual’nyy stil’ uchebnoy aktivnosti v mladshem shkol’nom vozraste [The individual style of educational activity in primary school age]. Voprosy psikhologii. No. 4(6), pp. 97–114.

Vyatkina, Z.I. (1976). Individual’nyy stil’ deyatel’nosti uchitelya fizicheskogo vospitaniya na uroke i ego formirvoanie u studentov: avtoref. dis. … kand. ped. nauk [The individual style of activity of the teacher of physical education in the lesson and its formation among students: Abstract of Ph.D. dissertation]. Leningrad, 18 p.

Walton, R.E. and McKersie, R.B. (1965). Behavioral Theory of Labor Negotiations: An Analysis of a Social Interaction System. New York: McGraw Hill Publ., 437 p.

Zhdanova, S.Yu. (2005). Psikhologiya poznaniya individual’nosti cheloveka [Psychology of knowledge of human individuality]. Perm: Perm State University Publ., 190 p.

Zhdanova, S.Yu. (2005). Stil’ uchebnoy deyatel’nosti studentov v zavisimosti ot spetsificheskikh usloviy i trebovaniy deyatel’nosti [The style of educational activity of students depending on specific conditions and requirements of activity]. Polisistemnoye issledovaniye individual’nosti cheloveka, pod red. B.A. Vyatkina [Polysystem study of human personality, ed. by B.A. Vyatkin]. Moscow: PER SE Publ., pp. 259–283.

Received 20.12.2019

 

For citation:

Tolochek V.A. [Styles of business communication as a model: the phenomenon of style, approaches, research, open questions. Part 2]. Vestnik Permskogo universiteta. Filosofia. Psihologia. Sociologia [Perm University Herald. Philosophy. Psychology. Sociology], 2020, issue 2, pp. 223–237 (in Russian). DOI: https://doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-2-223-237